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Augustus of Prima Porta
Augustus of Prima Porta ((イタリア語:Augusto di Prima Porta)) is a 2.03m〔Honour, H. and J. Fleming, (2009) ''A World History of Art''. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 197. ISBN 9781856695848〕 high marble statue of Augustus Caesar which was discovered on April 20, 1863, in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome. Augustus Caesar's wife, Livia Drusilla, now known as Julia Augusta, retired to the villa after his death. The sculpture is now displayed in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican Museums.
==Original==
The dating of the Prima Porta piece is widely contested. It is thought to be a copy of a bronze original.〔Zanker, P. (1988) ''The power of images in the age of Augustus''. Translated by Alan Shapiro. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, p. 188.〕 The sculptor may have been Greek.〔Woodford, Susan. (1982) ''The Art of Greece and Rome''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 85. ISBN 0521298733〕 This original, along with other high honors, was devoted to Augustus by the Senate in 20 BC and set up in a public place. The marble statue, however, was found in his wife's ( Livia ) villa.
It is also contested that this particular sculpture is a reworking of a bronze original, possibly a gift from Tiberius Caesar to his mother Livia (since it was found in her ''villa Ad Gallinas Albas''〔See Jane Clark Reeder, ''The Villa of Livia Ad Gallinas Albas. A Study in the Augustan Villa and Garden'' in series ''Archaeologica Transatlantica'' XX. Providence, RI: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, 2001, partially in (Google Books ) ((review BMCR )); also G. Messineo, ''Ad Gallinas Albas: Villa di Livia'', Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2001, in (Google Books ).〕 in the vicinity of the ninth mile-marker of the via Flaminia, and close to a late Imperial gate called Prima Porta) after Augustus' death and in honor of the woman who had campaigned so long for him to become the next Caesar. This would explain the divine references to Augustus in the piece, notably his being barefoot, the standard representation of gods or heroes in classical iconography. Also, the reliefs in the heroic cuirass depict the retrieval of Crassus' standards captured by the Parthians, an event in which the young Tiberius himself took a part, serving as an intermediary with the Parthian king, in the act that is shown in the central scene of the armor, possibly his grandest service to his adoptive father Augustus. With the introduction of Tiberius as the figure responsible for the retrieval of the standards, he associates himself with Augustus, the emperor and the new god, as Augustus himself had done previously with Julius Caesar.
Under this hypothesis, the dating of the statue can be placed during the first years of Tiberius' reign as emperor (AD 14 — AD 37).
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